Racial Profiling And The United States - 1657 Words

The 11th of September, 2001 was a momentous day in American history. 19 members of the terrorist group Al-Qaeda hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 United Airlines Flight 175, and crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Hijackers crashed the third plane into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth jet, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 people lost their lives on 9/11 due to the terrorist attacks on that day. After 9/11, the power of the government increased, allowing police, the FIB and other government agencies the ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records; in addition to easing the restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States. Along with the war in the Middle East as a result of 9/11, Islamophobia in the United States has reached new growth. Racial profiling and discrimination of Muslims, Arabs, and those w ith stereotypical Islamic names or appearances have not only increased in the past 14 years since 9/11, but the results of such actions are devastating to not only the Muslim community but also the rest of America. 42% of Americans support the use of profiling by law enforcement against Arab Americans and American Muslims. Hostilities towards Muslims and Arabs have only increased as a result of 9/11. Prior to 9/11, public opinion was firmly opposed to racial profiling by police. SinceShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling : The United States Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesRacial Profiling The United States of America, a country founded on diversity, remains ingrained with hypocritical ideas with respect to its very foundations of freedom and independence. America shows no mercy in the prejudice actions towards its minorities. The United States of America contributes greatly towards the injustice of minorities and giving privilege towards its â€Å"native† people yet not all â€Å"natives† are greatly loved in the country as Neil Foley, author of Becoming Hispanic: MexicanRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1348 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world we deal with multiple cases of racial profiling seemingly on a daily basis. Turn on the television, check the internet, or simply have a discussion with someone and you’ll hear about it. Racial Profiling describes discriminatory practices by law enforcement officials who target people for suspicion of crime based on their ethnicity, race, origin, or religion. The term first came about during the War on Drugs in the 1970’s and 1980’s when law enforcement were accused of pullingRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1111 Words   |  5 Pagesbrutality on these individuals solely based on the ethnicity they possess. Racial profiling can be said to be synonymous with stereotypes. In fact, as Gross states, â€Å"In 1999, 81 percent of surveyors in a national poll agreed that racial profiling was an issue in the United States. â€Å"From Samuel R. Gross, â€Å"Racial Profiling Under Attack†, (June 2002): 1413. However, there is no end in sight, 16 years later, and the United States is still the same. On September 11, 2001 America was in shock because ofRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1465 Words   |  6 PagesRacial Profiling Racial Profiling is just what it is. Targeting individuals for suspicion of a violation determined by the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. Race and location are the supreme characteristics law enforcement visually examine when engaging in this type of profiling. African-American males are the primary victims of racial profiling in the United States. The phrase â€Å"driving while black† derive from African Americans protesting that they are pulled over by policeRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1160 Words   |  5 Pagesby police and many other people for committing crimes. This is called racial profiling, and it is an issue going on around us. Some considers racial profiling a new phenomenon, and it is important to examine it because it is a foundational aspect of law and law enforcement in the United States. Glover in the book Racial Profiling: Research, Racism, and Resistance defines racial profiling in contemporary times â€Å"as the use of racial and or ethnic status as the determinant factor in decision to stop motoristRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States2227 Words   |  9 Pagessociety. This is the mind frame of the average American in the United States. Every African American individual in this country who has traveled, walked to the store at night or simply going shopping, either knowingly or unknowingly has been a victim of some type of racial profiling. People need to realize that racial profiling happens very often to innocent people that are targeted based on race and sometimes religion. Racial profiling can be defined as when an individual is stopped or detained becauseRead MoreRacial Profiling A nd The United States1949 Words   |  8 Pages Racial Profiling Post 9/11 Rusat Ramgopal CRJBS 101 John Jay College Professor Gary Wright August 4, 2016 Racial Profiling Post 9/11 On September 11, 2001, nineteen hijackers associated with the terrorist group Al-Qaeda attacked the United States. They flew two planes into the World Trade Center and also attacked the Pentagon resulting inRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States2903 Words   |  12 PagesRacial profiling still exists in America. Racial profiling refers to law enforcement strategies and practices that single out individuals as objects of suspicion solely on the basis of mainly their race. Prejudice and racial profiling of law enforcement is responsible for many false arrests, convictions, and countless deaths of blacks in the United States. This is one of the main difficulties of life and obstacles minorities have to face in their life because for one they are a minority and twoRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States944 Words   |  4 Pages Ever Since being forced to the united states as slaves blacks have been exposed to racism and legal discrimination citizens of African descent in the United States living threw things like Jim crow laws which were laws set to legally separate blacks like they were lesser to white citizens, or dealing acts of terror by groups like the KKK or other racist whites. And most importantly going through slavery which heavily set blacks back. Black men as a whole in society are believed to have the toughestRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1883 Words   |  8 PagesRacial profiling remains a dormant issue in the United States. It is the act of the authority, mostly, police officers linking minority status to criminal behaviour (Glover, 2007). Several police officers in the United States target specific groups because they don’t display characteristics of typical Caucasian individuals (Glover, 2007). To put history into context, before 9/11, not many police officers profil ed individuals based on their ethnic backgrounds but after the attack, there was an increase

Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming...

Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Paper PSY/250 Traci Petteway January 12, 2013 University of Phoenix There are similarities and differences when analyzing the components of biological and humanistic approaches to personality. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs express important aspects of biological factors that approaches personality. Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs focused on a theory of human motivation, management training, and personal development. Maslow divided organismic needs into two categories of deficiency needs which are needs for survival. Maslow divided each category in to five levels. The fifth level is physiological needs that focus on the basic biological necessities such as air, food, water, sex,†¦show more content†¦Depending on what morals and perspective you have set for your life you will find yourself facing a positive or either a negative outcome. One gene will affect a person’s characteristic responses as well. It plays a major role if a person has been exposed to activity, emotionality, sociability, and impulsivity. Activity means if a child has always been in vigorous motion while other children are more passive. Emotionality means easily aroused to anger or fear or some other kind emotion. Sociability means where some children enjoy other children company. Impulsivity means characterizes some children as aggression and cold rather than conscientious and friendly. Maslow’s theory of personality examine the relationship of biological factors by using assessment techniques, interviews, observations, self-reports, questionnaires, projective tests, and biological study. Personal Orientation inventory is a self-report questionnaire that asks people to classify themselves on a number of dimensions for various characteristics of self-actualization or mental health. Biological factors combine with other aspects of personality in complex ways can produce adult patterns of behavior. Behavior genomics are known for genes affecting behavior. Abraham Maslow believes in the pyramid of the five basic human needs to gather his theory of personality. Maslow’s believe you must satisfied survival needs first starting from physiological need to motivated and fill our higher level needs. TheShow MoreRelatedEtchis970 Words   |  4 PagesGwendolyn Frields Week Four Individual Paper Psychology of Personality PSY/ 250 April 06, 2011 Behavioral and Social/ Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Current is only one behavior that comes to mind that every person experiences at some point or another in his or her lives. Financial stress is a behavior that negatively affects a person’s mindset and only pushes the victim further down the spiral.    Some people have found ways to cope with stress while others struggle with it on a dailyRead MorePsy 250 Complete Course (Psychology of Personality) - a+ Work1520 Words   |  7 Pageshttp://hwnerd.com/PSY-250-Psychology-of-Personality-Complete-Course-1138.htm?categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At Contact.Hwnerd@Gmail.Com Week 1 Individual Assignment Personality Reflection Write a 700- to 1,050-word reflective paper that addresses the following questions: o How would you define personality? o What are some key personality features that define you? o What key concepts or â€Å"constructs† are used to explain your personality? o Are your personality features consistentRead MoreEvidence-Based Treatments for Childhood Depression3114 Words   |  13 PagesDepression Abstract This paper discusses various published articles and literature that report on results from research conducted on the effectiveness of various approaches in treating childhood depression. The articles vary in their topics and strategies. This paper will examine each article and focus on treatments that have been proven to improve the symptoms of childhood depression. Methods Through extensive research on treatments of childhood depression, this paper will discuss my findingsRead MoreTreatment For Adolescent Behavior Problems Stemming From Poor Parental Decision Making2696 Words   |  11 PagesFOR ADOLESCENT 1 TREATMENT FOR ADOLESCENT 13 Treatment for Adolescent Behavior Problems Stemming from Poor Parental Decision Making Pamela S. Florence University of the Rockies PSY 7600: Family Systems Dr. Jill Keller 2/17/2017 Abstract This paper depicts a nuclear family as a mother father and child. This work depends on the establishment of having a place with that gathering. The movement through the family encompasses generation of psychological, emotional, blood and historical ties accordingRead More Methodological Eclecticism in Teaching English as a Foreign Language4169 Words   |  17 Pagespsychology would advocate a monolithic model of anything in teaching today. However, unless one has some theoretical foundation to ones knowledge, one cannot construct a methodology of anything--including of foreign language teaching. The aim of this paper is to examine rudimentarily such foundation, and to propose an eclectic approach to teaching English to speakers of other languages. Learning theories and TEFL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It appears counterproductive to dissect language in the same way that biology studentsRead MoreThe Ideal Intervention Method for Colleges Essays2449 Words   |  10 Pageslimitations for it to not qualify as the most dependable. I shall go through each of these interventions first and then carryout a meta-analysis towards the end. An integration of all the desirable qualities of the intervention would hence allow us to forming a picture of the ideal intervention method. The first of the several intervention methods, as stated above, is in-person intervention. Ha et al adopted this method by conducting a class on nutrition and examined its impact on the dietary intake ofRead MoreFactors of Customer Loyalty in Banking Industry13412 Words   |  54 Pagesof critical elements which might affect the level of customer loyalty such as trust, commitment, perceive value and so on and forth. However, in this research paper, focus is placed on five particular determinants of customer loyalty which is customer satisfactions, service quality, corporate image, switching costs and lastly customer habit. Therefore, the findings of this research will contribute to banking service providers on how to implement strategies that will meet their customer’s needsRead MoreHuman Behavior and the Socil Environment7216 Words   |  29 PagesAND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT : INDIVIDUAL FUNCTIONING/GROUP FUNCTIONING ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY HONOLULU, HAWAII WINTER - 2012 The general concept of Social Work is defined by human behavior and the environment. These two components are the tools that give meaning to the profession and narrate its functions in the broadest terms. Behavior is a characteristic of living things which is often identified with life itself. Modern day Social Work practice dates back to several social movementsRead MoreAnalysis of Eriksons Theories on Development2367 Words   |  10 Pagesterm that he derived from the words psychological meaning mind and social meaning relationship (Chapman, 2007). Erikson was concerned with how personality and behavior is influenced after birth. Erikson stood strong on his belief concerning nurture and experience. The key element within Eriksons theory was ego identity. According to Erikson, the ego identity was our conscious sense of self development through all processes of social interaction (Ratti, 2008). Within Eriksons key elements were eightRead MoreCritical Thinking - Literature Review12815 Words   |  52 Pagesevaluating, and making decisions or solving problems. Background knowledge is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for enabling critical thought within a given subject. Critical thinking involves both cognitive skills and dispositions. These dispositions, which can be seen as attitudes or habits of mind, include openand fair-mindedness, inquisitiveness, flexibility, a propensity to seek reason, a desire to be wellinformed, and a respect for and willingness to entertain diverse viewpoints. There

Re-reading of ‘A Birthday Present’ Free Essays

Re-read ‘A Birthday Present’. By means of close analysis of the language of this poem, demonstrate how Plath achieves her effects in this poem, and by means of BRIEF reference to one or two other poems, say how typical of her writing you find it. Plath’s poem ‘A Birthday Present’ creates binary oppositions of images by using antithesis. We will write a custom essay sample on Re-reading of ‘A Birthday Present’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now An example of antithesis in this poem is when the narrator asks, â€Å"is it ugly, is it beautiful?† The adjectives ‘ugly’ and ‘beautiful’ are opposing images. The structure of this phrase is mirrored in the line below when the narrator asks, â€Å"has it breasts, has it edges?† These two images are opposite as when we imagine ‘breasts’ they are round and smooth and not sharp like an ‘edge’. By using this linguistic device Plath creates a ‘seesaw’ effect between positive (‘beautiful’) and negative (‘ugly’) lexis. Plath uses this device of conflicting lexis throughout the poem creating a tension. Furthermore, it can also be said that Plath uses these binary oppositions on a more subtle level to create the theme of good vs. evil. This theme can be seen in some of Plath’s other poems. Take ‘Face Lift’ or ‘Morning Song’ for example, the theme of good and evil is represented by the images of babies she juxtaposes with those of death. The same binary opposition of images is used in ‘A Birthday Present’ when the narrator says, â€Å"White as babies’ bedding and glittering with dead breath.† Again the two juxtaposed images are of death and babies. It can therefore be said that this theme is typical of Plath’s writing and is probably influenced by the miscarriage she suffered prior to writing these poems. Another device that Plath employs for a specific effect in this poem is her use of the personal pronoun ‘you’. The narrator questions, â€Å"Is it impossible for you to let something go and have it go whole?† and, â€Å"Must you kill what you can?† Many other writers use this device to achieve the desired effect of involving the audience as it addresses them directly. However Plath also has another motive. On first glance one may assume that the narrator is questioning the present as it is the apparent focus of the narrator throughout the poem. However, considering the number of references to God throughout the poem, (â€Å"My God what a laugh!†, But my god, the clouds are like cotton.†) one could assess that the question is actually aimed at God. Moreover, the theme in ‘A Birthday Present’ of questioning God can be linked to some of Plaths other poetry. Plath’s father died when she was a young child. From studying her life I found out that she loved and idolised her father. In her poems ‘Daddy’ and ‘Full Fathom Five’ Plath makes subtle suggests that she now sees her father as a God-like figure. In ‘Full Fathom Five’ she writes, â€Å"You defy other Godhood. I walk dry on your kingdom’s border†, when talking to her father. This could therefore be evidence that although she may seem to be addressing the birthday present with questions in this poem she is really questioning to her Dad. The theme of Dad arises in many of Plath’s poems and so this poem is typical of her writing. Like many of Plath’s other poems she uses personification in ‘A Birthday Present’ to make an inert object appear to have a life of its own. The narrator is describing the present when she says, â€Å"I feel it looking. I feel it thinking†. The two verbs are actions that only a living person could do. Plath, however uses them to make the present in the poem come alive. The literary device of personification is typical to some of Plath’s other poems. One example is in her poem ‘Cut’ where she personifies her thumb by referring to it as ‘Little pilgrim’, ‘Saboteur’ and ‘Kamikaze man’, before reminding us at the end of the poem that it is just a ‘Thumb stump’. This is therefore a device that Plath uses typically in her writing. In conclusion, many of the themes and ideas found in ‘A Birthday Poem’ can also be found and mirrored in Plath’s other poetry. She also uses a range of literary and linguistic devices in this poem that is typical of her writing. How to cite Re-reading of ‘A Birthday Present’, Papers

My Unexpected Baby Essay Example For Students

My Unexpected Baby Essay Have you ever known someone who has given birth without knowing that she was expecting a baby? Usually women always know that they are pregnant long before they give birth. Many of them even suffer different types of symptoms in the trajectory of pregnancy. In addition, in most of the cases, the excited parents make all the preparations for the babys arrival. Another common factor for the parents who are expecting a baby is the choosing of the name for the baby. However, in my case it was totally different. My wife’s first pregnancy was an incident that marked my life. The three important incidents that I had to face after she gave birth without knowing that she was pregnant were that I had to understand what had just happened to her, why I never knew that she was expecting a baby, and in what health conditions our baby was in. The first incident that I had to face was that I had to understand what had just happened to her. I remember that I had just arrived at the hospital, and I saw her lying on the stretcher with her body full of blood; without knowing what had just happened. I did not understand what had just happened because she had gone to the hospital with only a severe pelvic pain. I was very scared and confused because no one would tell me anything. The nurses were running back and forth looking for the tools that the doctor was urgently asking for. Then in the distance, I heard a cry of a baby while the doctor was saying, â€Å"We have to move the baby to another hospital urgently. † One of the nurses approached me and said, â€Å"Your wife just gave birth to a baby boy who is going urgently to a specialized hospital for premature babies. † I was in shock; I could not believe what was happening. The second incident that I had to face was why I had never realized that she was expecting a baby. She never had symptoms of pregnancy. For example, she never had nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weight gain, and graving for specific foods. In addition, the results of two pregnancy tests that she had performed at home were negative. I remember that she did not get a pregnancy test through the blood in a laboratory because her period was still regular. Also, she never had prenatal care during pregnancy. For example, she never took prenatal vitamins to prevent birth defects on the fetus such as spine bifida and cleft lip. She neither saw a gynecologist for prenatal monitoring as all women normally do. The last incident that I had to face was in what health conditions was my baby. The nurses urgently moved the baby to another hospital. The transfer of my baby to a hospital specializing in premature births was because he was born with only 27 weeks of gestation and two pounds of weight. Nobody told me more information about the health conditions of my baby. For example, no one would tell me the critical state in which my baby was and what chances of life he would have. Then the doctor moved my wife to another room to get out the placenta, which was broken in the birthing process. With so many events at once, I was feeling disturbed, desperate, and worried. In conclusion, the unexpected arrival of my son was not an easy event to handle. Even though of the circumstances, I considered that the spiritual support by God was with us throughout that time frame. After God I consider that my mother – in – law was the person that helped us to confront the unexpected arrival of our baby and more because everything happened at once. It is also important to mention that we were able to count on emotional support by other members of our family and friends. .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 , .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .postImageUrl , .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 , .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:hover , .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:visited , .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:active { border:0!important; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:active , .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bruce Leeâ„ ¢s Passion in Martial Arts and Entertainment EssayEvery human being has a distinct form of seeing and confronting situations they face; I consider that my wife and I were able to count on having the support necessary to succeed with what had happened to us. All the incidents that we went through worked as an experience and helped us to believe that everything is possible, even what seems impossible or abnormal. Some of the incidents that I had to face after the unexpected birth of my son were that I had to understand what just happened to her, why I never realized that she was expecting a baby, and what health conditions was facing our baby.

Ukrainian Culture Essays - Ukrainian Studies,

Ukrainian Culture Ukrainian Culture The best way to begin to understand Ukrainian culture is to review early Ukrainian history. This will give us a good step from which to look at traditional Ukrainian culture. Unlike the Russian people, who descended from northern tribes descending from Scandinavia and the far north, Ukrainian history was influenced by southern civilizations such as Scythians and Greeks. Invasions by the Huns and the Khazars between the 3rd and 9th centuries mixed Ukrainian bloodlines with those from all over Asia. During the 10th century, Kievan Rus was established and the golden age of Ukrainian kings was born. During this period, many important events took place, notably; King Volodymyr the Great introduced Christianity to the Ukrainian State. The region fell to the Mongols Golden Horde in the 13th century, and was eventually ruled by Poland and Lithuania. This was known as the Age of the Kozaks, Ukrainian horseman that formed one of the largest armies of the time to fight against the invading armies of more powerful nations. These Kozaks were active in their fight for independence well into the Russian occupation, before eventually coming under the control of Russia in the late 18th century. In 1918, Ukraine declared its independence, only to be reclaimed in 1922 by Communists during the Bolshevik Revolution. Ravaged by war and Nazi occupation during WWII, Ukraine remained under Soviet rule until declaring its freedom in 1991. Ukrainian culture has been defined in many creative styles. Literature is arguably the most prominent expression of Ukrainian culture. Ukrainian literature had been developing since the early 11th century, when people of the early Kievan Rus drafted some of Ukraine's first works in early Church Slavonic, such as the Hypathian Chronicles. The first historical epic of Ukraine, Slovo o polku Ihorevi, was written during this period. The major authors of this period were two monks known as Ilarion of Kiev, Cyril of Turov, and Prince Volodymyr Monomah II. The 16th century brought such innovations as the printing press that allowed the church to spread information during a period of Polish occupation. Works such as Perestoroha and Apocrisis bound together the religious community in these tough times. Ukraine experienced the Baroque period in the 17th and 18th centuries, with the rest of Europe. The best known poet of the 18th century was Hryhory Skovoroda, often referred to as the "Ukrainian Socrates". The Ukrainian dialect was greatly strengthened during, and after, the 18th century when Ukrainian began to overcome Russian as the language of literary choice. The 19th century brought about the Golden Age of Ukrainian literature with authors such as Ivan Kotlyarevski (Eneida), and Hryhory Kvitka Osnovyanenko. The romanticism was centered in Kharkiv during the 1830's producing more ?enjoyable' works that were read by both the affluent and the poor alike. The trio of Shashkevich, Holovatsky, and vahylevich wrote the most notable works. Taras Shevchenko, the greatest recognized poet of Ukrainian history, was the first to write of the Russian oppression of the Ukrainian serfs in poems such as Haidamaky, which eventually became national treasures. Authors such as Marko Vovchok, and Ivan Nechuy-Levitski supported Ukrainian realism. Their works took a more somber role of looking at the aspects of their country around them, from the suffering of the serfdom to the Ukrainian intelligencia. Lesya Ukraina, who worked in prose, best defined Modernism of the 19th and 20th centuries. Authors such as Pavlo Tychyna, Mykhylo Symenko, and Mykola Bazhan produced the greatest works of their time during this period known as the ?realism'. After this period, Ukrainian works became more and more oppressed by Soviet occupation, and would eventually end the trail of great Ukrainian works. Ukrainian art took shape in two very notable forms. In music, the bandura; and in visual arts, the pysanka, or, Ukrainian Easter egg. The bandura is an old instrument from the old days of the kozak armies. Banduristiv, as they were called, would roam from the different villages singing songs about the kozak battles, and sharing the rich history of the country at a time when travel was long and dangerous. The pysanka is a decorated egg that descended from pagan times as an offering of good will and religious gift between family and friends. The pysanky were found to be very superstitious, and played an active role in a persons life, be it as a blessing for good crops, or as an icon of protection over a families home. The pysanky are an art form that is unique to Ukraine because of their heritage, applications, and meanings in Ukrainian life. The most interesting aspect of pysanky is perhaps the method in which

The Slave Trade Abolishment essays

The Slave Trade Abolishment essays Up until the 1st May 1807, the Slave Trade had been an important source of income for the British Empire. Britain had relied on the Triangular Trade since 1662 and benefited in the centuries that followed until in May 1807, Parliament passed the Abolition of the Slave Trade Bill in the House of Laws by 283 to 16. There were four main reasons as to why the slave trade was abolished; these reasons fell under one of these factors: the work of individuals; the work of groups; economics and fear. This essay will discuss the above categories and make a judge which one was the main contributor to the abolition of the slave trade in Britain. To begin with, the first factor this essay will explore is the work of individuals. The work of individuals certainly contributed to the abolition of the slave trade and the types of individuals varied from former slaves to Members of Parliament. John Newton, a former captain of a slave ship, gave evidence and wrote diary entries about the horrible and tragic things that occurred on slave ships; Newton also wrote Amazing Grace, a song widely known today. Olaudah Equiano was an extremely influential person in the 18th century- he was one of the few slaves that had managed to purchase his freedom. His heart rendering story became public when he published his autobiography in 1789. Equiano toured Britain, wrote letters to MPs and worked with white abolitionists- he dedicated the remainder of his life to the abolition of the slave trade. One of the greatest campaigners for abolition of slavery was Granville Sharp. In 1765 Sharp saw a black teenager waiting for free medical attention; the youth was almost blind, could barely walk and had a swollen head. Sharp introduced himself to the youth and learned his name was Jonathon Strong. Strong had been brought to Britain as a slave and had been badly beaten by his owner. Granville took Strong to a hospital where he recovered; two years later St...

The Importance of Spiritual to Human Condition Essay

The Importance of Spiritual to Human Condition - Essay Example Thus, it can be concluded that spirituality is a central component to the human experience. This concept will be explored further by looking at the three novels namely, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, and Sula by Toni Morrison. The Scarlet Letter is a portrayal of the fallen woman in the person of Hester. Within the Puritan society, Hawthorne reveals how religion and spirituality had strongly influenced the individual lives of its members. Being an adulterous in a religious society, Hester’s sin brought her to become an object of ridicule and snickering. However, we can see that towards the end of the story, Hester’s recognition and repentance for her sin brought about a transformation in her life. The story tells of her acceptance of the punishment as well as the determination to move on amidst the shame inflicted to her by the society. This perspective together with her good deeds and admirable character which represents moral transformation enabled her to partially regain the favor of the society. Thus, this story states that the spiritual condition of an individual directly influences her whole being. Hester’s life in sin brought unpleasant things to her while her transformation leads the way to a happier existence.

LETTER OF LEGAL ADVICE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

LETTER OF LEGAL ADVICE - Essay Example In most cases, acceptance must be absolute and unconditional – all the terms of the offer should be accepted without setting any conditions or changing the terms of the offer. However, the person being given an offer may require that the terms of the contract be changed or the offeror fulfill some conditions before acceptance of the offer (Abdul, 2011). Acceptance completes the process of forming a contract and allows both parties to be bound by the contract. Once an acceptance has been made, none of the parties can withdraw from it without incurring a liability to the other party. In that case, acceptance comes has its own unique elements that makes it different from other elements of a contract. Acceptance in a contract takes different forms depending on the way they are communicated and the terms of agreement involved in the contract. When an offer is made, ways of communicating the acceptance and any terms involved are stated. In that case, acceptance in a contract can be in the form implications, set conditions or expressed acceptance. These forms of acceptance must always be very clear and should not be with any kind of ambiguity neither should it be unequivocal. As it is seen in the case of Malago Pty Ltd v AW Ellis Engineering Pty Ltd [2012] NSWCA 227, there was ambiguity in the expression on the area whose ownership was to be transferred; that is ‘Gross Marine berth income.’ This was then one of the issues that appellant of the case argued that it rendered the agreement void. The court of appeal however, resolved the issue based on the circumstances that led to the agreement after it after construition of that expression. Therefore, the company should ensure that acceptance is always clear without ambiguity. Conditional form of a contract is the type of acceptance made under conditions set to the offeror by the party to whom an offer has been made as terms that must be made for the other party to accept the offer (Michael et al,

Bank of America Acquisition of Merrill Lynch Essay

Bank of America Acquisition of Merrill Lynch - Essay Example The investing and securities industry in the United States is quite successful with its level of growth before the recession being astronomic over the past couple of years. The country maintained a distinct difference between commercial and investment banks before 1999. This in effect means that the industry enjoyed massive benefits as the banks concentrated only on certain banking activities without competing much with the players in the investment banking industry. On the other hand, the industry includes approximately 3000 companies which have total revenue of close to 200 billion dollars (Hoovers par 1). The investment banking industry is much concentrated with the first 50 major players accounting for close to 90% of the industry’s earnings according to Hoovers (par 1). The investment banks commonly target those who have property which include land, buildings and other fixed assets the main customers being the middle class (Perkins 14). Some of the main competitors of Bank of America in its acquisition of Merrill Lynch include Wells Fargo and Company, The Goldman Sachs Group Incorporated and JP Morgan Chase and Corporation, and Citigroup. Bank of America Merrill Lynch is considered the world’s largest brokerage having at least 15000 brokers and a client asset base of about 2.2 billion dollars. In this regard, it fairs competitively compared to its main competitors both in the investment and brokerage ventures. Bank of America in itself has remained for long the second most capitalized bank in the United States. The bank serves more than 150 countries and has relationships with many Fortune 500 companies (Matthew, Carrick and Dan 14). In terms of total revenue, the Bank of America is 5th largest in the USA. There are several small brokerage firms that are far less capitalized in the US which little threaten the establishment of the Acquisition. The main competitors in the market including Wells Fargo

Comparative Analysis of Management Theories

Comparative Analysis of Management Theories Fayols management functions, Mintzbergs roles and Katzs skills are still important for the modern day manager. Discuss. The pivotal nature of management theory has seen various trajectories throughout the ages which has caused for discrepancies between administrative theorists who claim to possess the utmost beneficial theorem behind the functions of business activity. As Abedi justifiably proffers; the conventional definition of management is getting work done through people, but real management is developing people through work. The paradigm of proficient management is developing the employees and people of the organization through work, as it is this unification of the people; to impel rather than compel; which will ultimately cause for the augmentation of the business entity as a whole. Management is the development of a bureaucracy that demands strategic planning, co-ordination, directing and controlling of complex decision-making processes (Olum). Interestingly, the foundations and heritage of contemporary management can be traced back to as far as 5000 BC; seen in ancient Sumerian records, the construction of the Egyptian pyramids and rise of the Roman Empire. Additionally, social change during the time of the industrial revolution and the work of Frederick W. Taylor, the father of scientific management (Frederick Winslow Taylor)worked to inscribe the foundations of management theory. This antiquated legacy of management provided Henri Fayol (1916), Henry Mintzberg (1973) and Robert Katz (1955) the knowledge to construct their individual approaches to management. Indeed, Fayols management functions, Mintzbergs roles and Katzs skills are still important for the modern day manager; however, it would be naÃÆ'Â ¯ve for a manager to espouse a particular management theorem due to the changing nature of society and the global economy, but rather to acquire the knowledge of a multitude of theorems and work to manipulate them to suit their individual requirements and business circumstances. Thus, contemporary managerial theory is central to modern managers engineering complex or ganizations, as it cultivates in the rapid contingency of todays changing economy. Henri Fayol (1841-1925), first established the functional approach to management in the early 20th century (Drucker). Fayol outlined the five key functions of management in his treatise, General and Industrial Management, which typified a superior approach to management thinking. Fayols five functions were collectively to forecast prevoyance, organize, command, coordinate and to control the business entity these functions are still relevant to the roles and actions of the modern day manager. During the 1920s, Henri Fayol earned the title of being the father of management (Mote), as scientific management principles were displaced by the classical management school of thought. Classical management emphasized the identification of universal principles of management which, if adhered to, would lead to organizational success (Mote). These universal principles systematically created two broad categories being the identification of business functions and the structuring of organizations a nd management of employees. In addition to Fayols acknowledged five functions of management, he also established 14 principles of management. The legacy of these principles continues to influence modern management theory. Interestingly, Wren (1994:193) stated; Fayols elements of management provided the modern conceptualization of a management process; his principles were lighthouses to managerial action. Fayols model for the functional approach to management was design was the coal-mining business he owned and managed. At that time, the coal mining company was a large business in the early 20th century; however, in todays age would have been considered fairly small (Drucker). This idea of functional organization is still, arguably the best way to structure in particular a small manufacturing business. In the same fashion, and arguably the precedent of functionalism, is its clarity and stability. Therefore, his approach to management through functionalism performs exceedingly well for the simplistic kind of business it was designed for. However, the functional model does not possess the performance capabilities needed to deal with anything more dynamic or complex a crucial factor in demand from the modern day manager. Additionally, Fayols functional principle leaves little scope for innovation and is thus, inadequate when working to develop, test and prepare employees. Peter Drucker, author of the book Management: Tasks, Responsibilities and Management, importantly outlined that; In businesses that exceed Fayols model, in size, in complexity, in innovative scope, functional design should be used only as one principle and never as the principle (Drucker). Finally, functionalism is immensely uneconomical, which is the result of its rigid design nowadays, the development of a business even to a mere moderate size, will cause for friction to build and end up being costly and resource inefficient. Thus, Henri Fayols principles of functionalism is an excellent approach for a small business, and especially small manufacturing business like Fayols own, however the idea of functionalism on its own, is not a practical approach for a business exceeding Fayols model and it was not until Mintzbergs roles that sought a new trajectory in the field of management theory. The pivotal nature of management theory sought a new direction in the early 1970s as experts began to question the rigidity of Fayols fundamental principles. Henry Mintzberg argued that Fayols principles of management did not embody the turbulent nature of managerial work. In contrast to Fayols systematic perspective on management theory, Mintzberg conducted empirical research, which involved observing and analyzing the activities of CEOs from five private and semi-public organizations (Ten Managerial Roles). Mintzberg composed his studies on real word business managers as opposed to Fayol, who consolidated his managerial principles through the study of organizational structure. Additionally, Mintzberg identified ten separate managerial activities that fall into three categories: interpersonal, information processing and decision making (Chapter 9: Marketing Information Systems). Mintzbergs empirical research on the nature of managerial work (Ten Managerial Roles), typified several f laws from Fayols management functions. Mintzberg wrote; the pressures of the job drive the manager to take on too much work, encourage interruption, respond quickly to every stimulus, seek the tangible and avoid the abstract, make decisions in small increments, and do everything abruptly. (Mintzberg) Mintzberg realized the changing world that confronted the modern day managers which worked to consolidate his strategic approach towards management. Interestingly, Mintzberg expressed that effective managers must be proficient at responding to numerous and varying problems without responding too abruptly, and working the tangible information into a comprehensive picture (Mintzberg). Mintzberg furthered this approach through stressing the importance of a broad picture; the manager is challenged to deal consciously with the pressures of superficiality by giving serious attention to the issues that require it, by stepping back in order to see a broad picture, and by making use of analytical inputs. (Mintzberg) Finally, Mintzberg found that although individual capabilities influence the implementation of a role, it is the organization that determines the need for a particular role, addressing the common belief that it predominantly a managers skill set that determines success. Effective managers develop protocols for action given their job description and personal preference, and match these with the situation at hand. In 1974, Robert L. Katz proffered the importance of skill amongst all administration. Katz stressed the importance of skill under varying conditions; a skill implies an ability which can be developed, not necessarily inborn, and which is manifested in performance, not merely in potential. So the principal criterion of skillfulness must be effective action under varying conditions (L.Katz, 1974). Additionally, Katz advanced this broad notion of skill and concluded that effective administration depends on three basic skills, categorized as technical skill, human skill and conceptual skill. First of all, Katz studied the notion of technical skill, in which the manager must possess an adequate magnitude of technical skill in order to master the mechanics of the particular job for which he will be culpable. Secondly, is the idea of human skill; in which it is essential for the manager to work cogently as a group member whilst being collegial within the organization he is leading. Finally, Katz stressed the idea of Conceptual skill, being the ability to visualize the enterprise as a whole (L.Katz, 1974). Sound conceptual skill enables managers to decipher the consequences of change in any section of the entity on other areas of the organization and how the differing functions of administration must unify and work in synchronization of one another. In fact, Katz extended the idea of conceptual skill to include a sound relationship of the individual business to external relations affecting the business entity and hence, should enable the business to achieve inclusive affluence. Interestingly, Katz wrote on the paradigm of skill, defining it as an ability to translate knowledge into action (L.Katz, 1974), and hence, facilitate in the differentiation of these complex skills. Additionally, the importance of the skills varies with accordance to the level of managerial responsibility. Human and conceptual skills, although important in all levels of management seem to be of greatest use in the higher levels of administration, whilst technical and human skills are most important in the lower levels. However, it is the notion of conceptual skill that becomes most important for the top managers when working to achieve prosperity. Katz emphasized that; This three-skill approach emphasizes that good administrators are not necessarily born; they may be developed (L.Katz, 1974). The idea that good administrators may be developed rather than born is important for the modern manager as it gives managers the incentive to advance their skills in order to advance their business output. Additionally, the categorization of Katz skills, and the identification of the skills needed at the differing levels of management, provides an instrumental starting point for the training, and advance of executives (ArticlesBase). Thus, Katz skills will enable the modern day manager to achieve the optimum level of output labor and business efficiency. Good management is the art of making problems so interesting and their solutions so constructive that everyone wants to get to work and deal with them. Paul Hawken Paul Hawkens idea on good management is without a doubt significant to the progression of a modern manager. It is important to note, and, as mentioned earlier, management is the development of a bureaucracy that demands strategic planning, co-ordination, directing and controlling of complex decision-making processes (Olum). In essence, management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims (Koontz and Weihrich 1990, p. 4). With this in mind; and, to varying degrees, it is believed that Fayols management functions, Mintzbergs roles and Katzs skills are still of importance to the modern day management. In fact, according to Pearsons textbook on Management, an exceptional manager is separated from an average manager through the recognition, acceptance and mastery of managing paradoxes the ability to cope with forces that pull managers in different directions. Great managers do not avoi d these tensions but embrace them, harness them and use them (Hitt, 2007). Management theory has seen a significant change from the classical approach, through the behavioral school and then into more recent developments in management theory with the systems approach, contingency theory, chaos theory and team building approach to management. Agreeably, each management approach contains its advantages and limitations, and the manager must interpret the variables before practicing the differing approaches on the business. In this manner, the dexterity of Fayols management functions, the influence of Mintzbergs administrative roles and the usefulness of Katzs skills are all of fundamental importance for modern managers and interestingly simplistic businesses still advocate Fayols classical approach to management. However, it is the manager who strives to convert the theory behind Fayol, Mintzberg or Katz, whilst systematically integrating the appropriate management approaches, will unq uestionably increase the level of productivity within their business rather than the manager who adopts an experimental or trial and error approach to management. This will enable managers to achieve a common objective; being to create a business surplus through increased productivity. Written by Hamish Farquhar

Factional Terror, Paramilitarism and Civil War in Haiti Essay -- Haiti

â€Å"Factional Terror, Paramilitarism and Civil War in Haiti: The View from Port-au-Prince, 1994-2004† is a scholarly article discussing the observations made by J. Christopher Kovats-Bernat in Port-au-Prince, the capital of Haiti, during the country’s heavily violent civil war. The article goes into great detail in order to discuss the events leading up to the civil unrest, taking into consideration many of the political, economic, and cultural influences that prompted the 1994 coup-d’à ©tat and the resulting ten years of extreme violence. The author, though, attempts to investigate the country’s bloodshed using the methodology developed by anthropologist Carolyn Nordstrom, who believed that war is not a static event but instead one that shapes and is shaped by historical, social, and cultural contexts. Therefore, Kovats-Bernat attempts to investigate the country’s current bloodshed by taking three separate questions into consideration; what pol itical advances led up to the war, what social aspects characterises the war’s violence, and how has the war affected the day-to-day-lives and cultural identities of Haitians? Kovats-Bernat describes the three key concepts that he wishes to utilize in order to make such an investigation into the life of Haitians during the civil war: political history, social analysis of material conditions, and cultural context. However, he does not seem to aptly follow all definitions that he provides for each of these concepts all throughout his paper, at least not in a concise manner that is easily understood by the reader. Take ‘cultural context’, for example. Kovats-Bernat clearly states that by cultural context he means â€Å"individual and community narratives of violence... within a larger symbolic world... ...ulk of this academic journal discusses primarily the â€Å"political developments that led to the war† (p.123), and therefore Kovats-Bernat has been successful in considering at least one of the three aspects that he had hoped to discuss. However, he does seem to be lacking when it comes to discussing his other two clearly define key concepts– exactly what the author originally claimed would result in ambiguous, subjective, and inaccurate observations. The author has not successfully been able to put an individual or community ‘face’ to the issue, and seems to focus more so on history rather than ethnography. Had he instead been successful in presenting Haiti’s political history as well as a more in-depth social analysis of material conditions and discussion of cultural context, there would be a much greater basis upon which I could express my confidence in the evidence.

Why is education important in order to achieve the MDGs

The Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) are eight international development ends that were established after the 2000 Millennium Summit in which United Nations Member States and International Organisations consented to accomplish by the twelvemonth 2015 ( United Nations Millennium Development Goals, 2010 ) . The MDGs set clip edge marks in bettering societal and economic conditions in the universe ‘s hapless states, which advancement towards cut downing income poorness, hungriness, disease, deficiency of equal shelter and exclusion, while advancing gender equality, wellness, instruction and environmental sustainability. They besides embody basic human rights so that each individual on the planet has the right to wellness, instruction, shelter and security ( Ki-Moon, 2010 ) . Three major countries of Humanity are focused in the MDGs: First, reenforcing human capital by bettering substructure, and increasing societal, economic and political rights, specifically concentrating on increasing the basic criterions of life ( United Nations, 2006 ) ; Second, bettering substructure through increasing entree to safe imbibing H2O, energy and modern information communications engineering, magnifying farm end products through sustainable patterns, bettering transit substructure, and continuing the environment ; and eventually the societal, economic and political rights, including authorising adult females, cut downing force, increasing political voice, guaranting equal entree to public services, and increasing security of belongings rights. The ends are intended to increase an person ‘s human capablenesss and progress the agencies to a productive life ( United Nations, 2006 ) . As persons moving together we have the power to take action and influence the procedure of making the MDGs by 2015 ( End Poverty Millennium Campaign, 2010 ) . Education is of import in accomplishing these ends. A basic instruction of a good quality is necessary for developing an apprehension of the universe and the possibilities it provides, and for being able to work efficaciously within it. Without the cognition and assorted accomplishments developed through schooling and basic instruction plans, the chances for persons and the ability to move independently are greatly reduced ( UNESCO, 2010 ) . Escalating the motion towards instruction MDGs will take straight to an acceleration of many of the other MDGs ( 2010 MDG SUMMIT, 2010 ) . In this essay I will explicate why instruction is of import in order to accomplish each of the eight millenary development ends. The first end of the millenary development ends is to eliminate utmost poorness and hungriness. Poverty forces kids out of school displacing their instruction driving them into the low paid work force because parents can non afford to educate them. Haines & A ; Cassels ( 2004 ) explain that one twelvemonth of schooling can increase a individual ‘s net incomes by 10 % with each extra twelvemonth of schooling raising the mean one-year GDP by 0.37 % . Accessible instruction can assist feed an faultless rhythm of enhanced growing and an elevated decrease in poorness, helping the hapless and profiting society as a whole. Education provides people with the accomplishments and cognition they require in order to increase income and develop employment chances. By educating the hapless, adult females and vulnerable groups it opens doors to occupations and recognition and has the potency for economic growing. With rigorous Torahs on compulsory instruction the millenary development end to eliminate utmost poorness and hungriness should be accomplishable in the hereafter. The 2nd MDG is to accomplish cosmopolitan primary instruction. Every kid regardless of where they live deserve the right to an instruction. The Development Education online Depository ( 2010 ) province that cosmopolitan primary instruction involves come ining school at an appropriate age, come oning through the system and finishing a full rhythm of primary instruction. By eliminating primary school fees 1000000s of kids worldwide have the opportunity to derive literacy and numeracy accomplishments increasing the per centum of educated people in the universe, increases the chances for employment and a stable hereafter for many kids which in manus will assist in accomplishing the MDG of accomplishing cosmopolitan primary instruction. The 3rd MDG focuses on advancing gender equality and authorising adult females. Attaran ( 2005 ) province that there are 759 million people in the universe that can non read or compose, and of those people two-thirds are female. Females face many barriers to education in several states around the universe, runing from negative attitudes to the load of family work and distance to school. In order to right the balance instruction needs to be made a precedence, particular attempts such as using female instructors, back uping hapless households and doing the instruction system girl-friendly could assist in advancing gender equality and in authorising adult females. Severine & A ; Shahani ( 2009 ) claim that there is a strong correlativity between educating females and an addition in adult females ‘s net incomes, improved kid and household wellness and nutrition, an addition in school registration, protection against HIV infection, higher maternal and child life anticipation, reduced birthrate rates and delayed matrimony. Equal schooling for both male childs and misss is the foundation for development in accomplishing the MDG of advancing gender equality and authorising adult females. The 4th MDG purposes to cut down child mortality. Supplying instruction to girls provides a great opportunity of endurance to her kids in the hereafter. Severine & A ; Shahani ( 2009 ) claim that a female parent with secondary or higher instruction more than halves the hazard of kid mortality compared to a female parent with small or no instruction. As mentioned above there is a strong connexion between educating females and higher maternal and child life anticipation every bit good as betterments in kid and household wellness and nutrition, they are besides more likely to immunise their kids. Educating adult females, with at least primary instruction, the MDG of cut downing child mortality is more likely to be achieved. The 5th end purposes to better maternal wellness. Maternal instruction is one of the strongest counterpoisons to childbearing-related hazards ( United Nations, 2010 ) . By educating females it enables them to do improved wellness associated determinations, fewer female parents would decease and the MDG of bettering maternal wellness would hold a greater opportunity of being achieved. The 6th MDG intends to battle HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. Education is the key to battling HIV/AIDS, malaria and many other diseases. Education establishments take a cardinal function in the bar of HIV and other catching diseases as they can make out to a big figure of people, promoting positive attitudes and behaviors supplying them with the cognition and accomplishments to cut down their opportunity of undertaking HIV. School wellness plans are besides ideal in supplying consciousness and hygiene patterns to assist contend malaria and other diseases. Haines & A ; Cassels ( 2004 ) province that adult females with an instruction higher than primary degree are five times more likely than literate adult females to be cognizant of and cognize about HIV/AIDS. Education offers an of import step of protection against HIV and other diseases. The MDG for cosmopolitan primary instruction is estimated to forestall 700, 000 new HIV infections each twelvemonth ( MDG Monitor, 2007 ) . It is claimed that instruction reduces the exposure of misss, and each twelvemonth of schooling offers greater protective benefits. Education is the best vaccinum against HIV and Aids and other diseases it is besides the most cost effectual manner to accomplish the MDG of battling HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. The 7th MDG is directed at guaranting environmental sustainability. Education for sustainable development ( ESD ) can assist us to populate sustainably. ESD is defined by UNESCO as the purposes to assist people to develop the attitudes, accomplishments and cognition to do informed determinations for the benefit of themselves and others, now and in the hereafter, and to move upon these determinations. By supplying instruction for environmental sustainability it besides educates pupils on cardinal issues including poorness decrease, sustainable supports, planetary heating and clime alteration, gender equality, corporate societal duty and the protection of autochthonal civilizations ( TeachMDGs, 2010 ) ESD will let persons to do determinations that meet the demands of the present without compromising those of future coevalss. Education is indispensable for guaranting environmental sustainability. The 8th and concluding millenary development end is directed at developing planetary partnerships for development. Developing states financially can non supply cosmopolitan primary instruction for free to their people. Therefore a planetary partnership is needed to make full the fiscal spread for instruction so that globally the education-related development ends can be achieved. And if underdeveloped states make instruction a precedence they can so in bend hike their economic system, which can assist to accomplish all of the millenary development ends. Teaching and larning in schools should take to heighten accomplishments, cognition and behavior related to the millenary development ends. Schools should be after their course of study so that content covered increases the impact that instruction has on the MDGs. Such as, in order to battle child mortality and to change female authorization, course of study on cleanliness, sanitation, and steps to minimise contagious diseases. In the instance of environmental sustainability the school should include plans such as the demand to conserve H2O and trees. To better the nutritionary position of the pupils the school can present meal plans to guarantee the pupils have atleast one nutritionary repast each twenty-four hours. Schools can besides advance gender equality by the different functions that school leaders take. Positive behavior aimed at accomplishing the MDGs can be learned and reinforced throughout instruction. By presenting grownup instruction and literacy plans for both work forces and adult females can supply chances for employment, bettering labour productiveness and presenting plans such as H2O and sanitation. The impact of grownup instruction for adult females can ensue in lower kid mortality rates and higher degrees of maternal wellness. With the completion of secondary instruction adult females are more likely to seek out prenatal attention and better medical intervention, are more likely to direct their kids to school, and have greater economic chances that will relieve poorness and hungriness. All in all grownup instruction in occupational and life accomplishments will positively impact the millenary development ends. 2010 should non be the beginning of the ‘new and unsure ‘ journey towards the millenary development ends, instead it should be the ‘refueling ‘ point on this ocean trip that has been traveling on for the past 10 old ages. The following five old ages complete the journey in accomplishing the MDGs by 2015. With the execution of the millenary development ends in school course of studies globally the program to make the finish should be accomplishable.ResourcesAttaran, A. ( 2005 ) . An Immeasurable Crisis? A Criticism of the Millenium Development Goals and Why they can non be Measured. PLoS Medicine 2 ( 10 ) 318. Development Education on-line Depository. ( 2010 ) . Making Global Connections through Education. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.developmenteducation.info// Haines, A. & A ; Cassels, A. ( 2004 ) . Can the Millennium Development Goals Be Attained? British Medical Journal, 329 ( 7462 ) 394-397. MDG Monitor. ( 2007 ) . Quick Facts. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mdgmonitor.org/country_progress.cfm? c=BEN & A ; cadmium Moon, K. ( 2010 ) . Millennium Goals. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml Severine, D. , & A ; Shahani, L. ( 2009 ) . An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability Approach: Freedom and Agency. Sterling, VA: Earthscan. TeachMDGs. ( 2010 ) . The Millennium Development Goals. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //teachmdgs.net/// United Nations. ( 2006 ) . The Millenium Development Goals Report: United Nations Development Program. Retrieved from www.undp.org/publications/MDGReport2006.pdf United Nations Millennium Development Goals. ( 2010 ) . Acme on the Millenium Development Goals. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.un.org/milleniumgoals/

Everyman (Medieval Literature) Review essays

Everyman (Medieval Literature) Review essays The medieval play, Everyman, has defined what literature has come to know as The Everyman: the common, average person or character that is meant to represent every person. It is the character that is meant to allow the reader to identify with them. It is the character that represents society in general. Thus, the real message behind the medieval play Everyman is a social critique of what is wrong about The Everyman. Everyman can be traced back to the fifteenth century where it originated in a Dutch or Flemish play called Elckerlijc authored by Peter van Diest. The version must commonly read today is the sixteenth century English version. At its core Everyman is a morality play. Everyman is the main character who serves as an allegorical figure of the every man. In the play he is summoned by the allegorical figure of death to visit God and account for the life he has been lent by God. On his way, Everyman is told that he must go along, that his friends Fellowship, Kindred, Cousin, Goods and Knowledge will not accompany him. Only Virtue is willing to accompany Everyman and justify him before God. In the play, a messenger informs the audience that they must listen well, hinting that the play is really a message to them (the Everyman). The play begins with a conversation between God and Death, where God talks about the worlds people and the ongoing problem that they are able to sin freely without any thought of consequence. God order Death to go to earth and visit with Everyman and make him understand that his sinning is against Gods wishes. When they first meet, Everyman attempts to bride Death to get more time, but his request is promptly denied. However, Death does allow Everyman to find a friend to accompany him on his journey. The purpose of the friend is to serve as a witness before God and speak to Everymans alleged good virtues. E ...

10 Biographical Essay Topics Who Am I

10 Biographical Essay Topics Who Am I When you are discussing someone’s life in your research paper, you are more or less writing a biographical essay on that particular individual. Writing a biographical essay is something you might find easy but once you have read all our guides, it would practically be child’s play for you and you’ll be writing the perfect biographical essay in no time. In this first guide, you will read about 10 facts for a â€Å"who am I† biographical essay. These facts have been collected through credible sources, some of which are listed at the end of this guide. These facts will also greatly help you write a better and more liberal biographical essay. The second guide introduces 20 topics for a â€Å"who am I† biographical essay. The main purpose of this guide is to give you a head start so that you can immediately start writing your essay without having to jump through hoops while choosing a topic. All of these topics are of relevance to 10 facts we’re discussing in this guide and at the end of our second guide, you’ll find a biographical sample essay to give you better practice at writing one. Finally, our third guide is all about how to write a â€Å"who am I† biographical essay. It is highly recommended that you read this guide thoroughly and follow the steps outlined. Following these instructions will enable you to write flawlessly. Without further ado, here are 10 facts for a â€Å"who am I† biographical essay: A child is not born with self-consciousness; it takes a child two years to acknowledge himself as a separate entity. When a child becomes consciously aware of himself, he shows emotions such as embarrassment or pride, which are only evident when one considers himself different or unique in some way from one’s surrounding entities. Individuals like to hide their true personality traits when they are surrounded by societies. They are afraid of others’ opinions about their genuineness and do whatever they can to blend in. However, studies have shown that their personality traits are visible even though they think otherwise. According to Ramachandran, self-awareness is obtained when a person perceives himself as others see him. We don’t become self-aware unless we see ourselves the way others see us by physical, mental and emotional means. This is why when a child is introduced to a mirror for the first time, he displays a variety of emotions since he realizes who he really is and most of the time, he tries to hide himself away from the mirror, since he is naturally prone to remaining anonymous. There are times when a person can lose self-awareness. These moments are known as â€Å"flow† moments. Many of the world’s greatest athletes today have actually become unaware of themselves when they are in a game, because all their focus through mind, body and soul, is on the game and nothing else. Having a heightened self-awareness is very dangerous as it causes nervousness and insecurity. But when we are in a state of â€Å"flow†, we lose track of time and are more focused on a moment or task rather than ourselves. This mode or stance is also known as low self-awareness. It’s somewhat necessary to be in this stance as it not only allows us to be more alert but also be happy and enjoy the moment. People, who are more self-aware, tend to be uncomfortable in a crowd. They feel insecure and are paranoid about others’ perceptions about them. However, if the same individual has a thorough understanding of his/her actions and understands his/her traits to the full extent, he/she is able to foresee others’ perceptions and be in a position to counter those perceptions, if need be. People who tend to be aggressively conscious, feel very insecure about their personal flaws. This is why they want to keep themselves away from a crowd or project their personality in a way that others might show more empathy and care towards them. These people are very rare, yet very smart and know how to hide their true self from others. There are different levels of self-awareness: Becoming aware of your body and its processes at work. Becoming aware of your mind and the processes at work in your mind. Becoming aware of pure consciousness – feeling that someone else is perceiving this world just as you perceive it. These levels are normal and can be found in our everyday society. However, deep self-awareness is something which is rarely found among us, which involves becoming aware of our feelings, thoughts, behavior and general perceptions. While some people think of themselves as superior to other species because they have a higher sense of self-awareness, science has proven otherwise. Even though we can’t see what level of self-awareness animals have since they cannot share this particular trait the way people do, on the contrary, they are fully aware of their personality and physical traits. Self-awareness cannot be categorized as intelligence. When someone or something becomes self-aware, it means it has become aware of the fact that it is a living, breathing organism – a separate entity so to speak, able to do things on its own. On the other hand, intelligence is something that’s attained through evolution and centuries of experience with regard to our surroundings. These facts will help you grasp some knowledge on how to write a better and more liberal â€Å"who am I† biographical essay. Check out our next guide, 20 topics for a â€Å"who am I† biographical essay where you are introduced to 20 topics and a sample biographical essay, so you can start writing without any delays whatsoever. Remember to go through our final and third guide, how to write a â€Å"who am I† biographical essay. By reading this guide, you’ll learn new tips and essential methods on writing a clear and concise biographical essay on any relevant topic that you choose. References: Philippe Rochat, (2003) Five Levels of Self-Awareness as They Unfold Early in Life, Consciousness and Cognition 12 – 717-731  psychology.emory.edu/cognition/rochat/Rochat5levels.pdf Mark R. Leary, June Price Tangney; (2012) Handbook of Self and Identity Ch. 4, pp. 69-104 Self, Self-Concept and Identity  https://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/782/docs/handbook_of_self_and_identity_-_second_edition_-_ch._4_pp._69-104_38_pages.pdf Naomi Ellemers, Russell Spears, Bertjan Doosje; (2002) Self and Social Identity* Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53: 161-86  psych.purdue.edu/~willia55/392F-06/EllemersSpearsDoosje.pdf Judith A. Howard, (2000) Social Psychology of Identities, Annu. Rev. Sociol. 26: 367-93  uvm.edu/pdodds/files/papers/others/2000/howard2000a.pdf Kostelnik, Marjorie J.; (1993) Guiding Children’s Social Development. Second Edition. Delmar Publisher Inc.  http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED369567 Relly Nadler, (2011) The Illusion of Self-Awareness – We are More Unaware than Aware, Psychology Today  https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/leading-emotional-intelligence/201108/the-illusion-self-awareness Adrian Furnham, (2015) Self-Awareness – How self-aware are you? Do you know how you come across?, Psychology Today  https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/sideways-view/201511/self-awareness

Goldman Sachs unethical behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Goldman Sachs unethical behaviour - Essay Example This implies that the responsible players at the helm of its management should operate its functions devoid of the slightest mistake that could cause a multiplier effect of unpleasant results across the board. Flouting basic business ethics in such a sensitive system could perhaps amount to the worst ethical bleach of this age. Informed from such a global perspective, this section of this discourse assesses the conduct of one of the players at the helm Wall Street to find its credibility from a business ethics perspective (US Senate, 3). Operations of the Wall Street are largely accused of the downfall of the US economy from 2008, due to unprecedented departure from safety lending regulations particularly in the financial services sector. The most affected were mortgage, debt and stock markets whose effect spilled over into the other financial institutions in such a rate that almost paralyzed the entire economy. Sooner than later, the global economy were feeling a pinch of the spiraling impact. A leader in the mortgage business was perhaps more responsible than many more players in the market. Goldman Sachs happened to be one of the main two players in the infamous mortgage market immediately before the collapse of the Wall Street in 2008, alongside Deutsche Bank. The conduct of Goldman Sachs in terms of ethical responsibility it had to observe demonstrates incompetence due to a number of abuses. Firstly, the manner in which mortgage and other related securities were handled in the unstable market left a lot to be desired (Griffin, 94). Goldman Sachs participated in the design of a risky complex securities system whose failure orchestrated the downfall of several aspects of the market. The mortgage instruments designed by Goldman Sachs and other players were complicated in such a manner that the derived securities became more valuable than the original instruments of trade in the market. Goldman Sachs was aware of

1.Should the United States act alone and begin carbon cap and trade or Essay

1.Should the United States act alone and begin carbon cap and trade or should we only do it if the rest of the world does as well - Essay Example With the debate ensuing regarding the US taking the first step towards environment protection and its possible implications on global impact, economic growth and possible trend setting role, there are many angles to study this concept from. This paper is aimed at highlighting the various aspects of imposing a carbon cap in the US, its pros and cons and the feasibility of taking such step in the long and short term. It is not a new fact that the pollutants that are exhausted into the atmosphere as a result of industrial activities damage and human activities cause climatic changes and other greenhouse effects. Carbon dioxide is the leading greenhouse gas and comes not only from industrial operations and human activities like burning of fossil fuels and in energy but also from some other natural sources such as animal respiration, volcanic eruptions and decay of plants. The accumulation of large amount of carbon dioxide from the diverse sources in the atmosphere results into catastrophic impacts of climate change in the environment. To tackle climatic changes and the negativities that emerge as a result of pollutants, it has become imperative for countries to strive on their level to minimize their contribution towards environmental harm. Carbon Cap is one such concept that has emerged as a result of this changing trend towards environment friendliness. It basically restricts the extent of carbo n emissions into the atmosphere and exceeding the prescribed limit makes the operating firm liable to pay a carbon tax (Shapiro, 2007). Carbon cap and trade is an approach to curb environmental destruction by greenhouse gases. This approach is environmentally and economically feasible and practical which is centrally driven by global warming. â€Å"Cap† and â€Å"trade† terms imply setting limits for greenhouse emissions and

Methods for Database Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Methods for Database Security - Essay Example The main part of this paper discusses the ways that an organization can use to counter the threats identified in the previous parts of the paper. The methods to be used include data encryption, web-based data security, authentication and access control, timeliness and security in real-time database systems, SQL Injections, negative databases, data security policies, and database auditing policies. Database Security Database security has become one of the most important issues in today’s world of technology. Many organizations depend a lot on their databases for the storage of their information and assets. Like all assets that any company treasures, the database is probably one of the most important assets, since it is used to store a myriad of information (Burtescu, 2009). The increase in technological advancement has allowed companies to be interconnected in ways that were not possible in the past, and with the growing technological link, so does insecurity grow. The increased connectivity has brought a number of benefits to organizations, but with it is an increased vulnerability to the security of the information accessible from the database (Burtescu, 2009). The core point in database security is the restriction of unauthorized access into databases, which can be done in a number of ways. In this case, security is used to refer to the policies or mechanisms used to prevent the threat and the asset coming into contact, where the asset referred to is the database. This means that database security is mainly concerned with protecting the database from unintended activity, be it from insiders, outsiders, or unwanted programs. Since the database is mainly a store of information, database security is concerned with preventing the loss of this information to unauthorized personnel (Burtescu, 2009). The building of a secure database is focused on improving traditional DBMS measures and providing an extended platform to the security measures in the modern organization. The main aim of this paper is to outline the main security threats that an organization can face in relation to the database, outline the importance of database security, and provide detailed explanations of the main types of database security issues. Therefore, it can be seen that the main objective in the paper is to provide an explanation of the database security methods available to an organization. A s already stated, the databases in organizations are mainly used to store important information, information ranging from financial information to customer information to product information. This means that the database is one of the most important features of the organization. It is, therefore, important that an organization keep track of the security issues that affect their databases. This indicates that the main importance of database security is to prevent unauthorized access t oinfo4mation stored in the database, which includes unauthorized modification and access. Database security systems are also put in place to ensure that data kept in the database stays confidential, since most of the data is of a sensitive nature. For example, customer information stored in a telephone company database can be sued maliciously if accessed by the wrong individuals; therefore, organizations have to ensure that their databases are kept secure. Database security is also emphasized by organiz ations to ensure that information integrity is secured, since tainted data can influence many mechanisms in the organization. However, despite the growing need for database security, many security threats come up in the growing technological atmosphere, some of which are described below.

Accounting for Small Business Essay Example for Free

Accounting for Small Business Essay ABSTRACT SMEs play a very important role in Indias economy and have a great potential for strengthening the real sector in India. But there has not been appropriate infrastructure yet which is accounting system to show the business feasibility. Traditional business in Indian Villages had been started by a family and ancestors, but has gotten bigger now. This business has many strengths and weaknesses. Based on the condition and background, the proposed-accounting system has been developed. It has been also successfully tested for a month transaction and revised. Adding knowledge management into accounting system is an alternative way to develop the proposed-accounting system. The four modes of knowledge creation will facilitate the business and its owner to add some modules in accounting system and to reengineer the business process. See more: Distinguish between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping Essay INTRODUCTION: Small business plays a very important role in Indias economy, particularly in aspects increased employment, income generating, economic development. In addition, this sector is considered as a driving force for the rural economy. But until now there are still many problems to hinder the small business growth. Facts in the Asia Pacific region revealed that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) employ about 60 percent of the workforce. Only 10 percent of the total companies in Asia Pacific which is a big business, the rest are SMEs. For India, according to Small Medium Business Corner (SMBC) data in 2012 the numbers of micro, small and medium enterprises develop into 130 Lakhs (http://www.smeindia.net/export_schemes/OverviewofMSME.html) by giving employment to 410 Lakhs people and able to contribute to the total national GDP amounted to 8-9 percent in 2012. Basic problem of management in small business is inability of owners to determine their management style that appropriate with the business need and development stage. In early stage of business, family management style leads to one-man show. According to improvement of business environment, that conventional style could not be pushed longer. Especially in financial management, the business owners could not be able to separate the financial management of business and family yet. Besides, they have not well planned, managed and reported periodically yet. It is caused by there is no appropriate infrastructure which is accounting system. The impact is that the owners of small business have difficulties to cooperate with external such as bank or another financial institution. The owners have difficulties to show their feasibility business when they want to propose credit or make a business contract with another business. Based on the importance of an accounting system, this research results a proposed-accounting system which can be applied by owners of small business in India. The proposed-accounting system is a generic model of purchasing and selling system that should be enhanced according to business need and by refer to the knowledge management approach. LITERATURE REVIEW: ACCOUNTING SYSTEM: According to Gillespie, accounting system is an organization of document, form and report which is managed to provide information for management. Based on that definition, elements of accounting system are documents, forms and reports, but still concern with procedure and internal control. Therefore, proposed-elements in this study will refer to it. SMALL BUSINESS: Under the law of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (2008), definition of SMEs in India is explained by the table below. Based on the definition, the research object is categorized as a small business. DEFINITION OF SMES IN INDIA Enterprises engaged in providing or rendering of services (i) A micro enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in equipment does not exceed Rs. 10 lakh; (ii) A small enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in equipment is more than Rs.10 lakh but does not exceed Rs. 2 crore; and (iii) A medium enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in equipment is more than Rs. 2 crore but does not exceed Rs. 5 crore. Enterprises engaged in the manufacture or production, processing or preservation of goods (i) A micro enterprise is an enterprise where investment in plant and machinery does not exceed Rs. 25 lakh; (ii) A small enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs. 25 lakh but does not exceed Rs. 5 crore; and (iii) A medium enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs.5 crore but does not exceed Rs.10 crore. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT: System development in this study will follow the three main steps a.System analysis: Activities in this stage are initial study, feasibility study, requirement definition, and specification system arrangement. b.System design:   After finishing system analysis, the next activities are system design, system building and system testing. c.System implementation:   Based on system testing, a revised system will be established. Finally, system is implemented and operated. At this stage, company will conduct maintenance activity. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Since this study wants to develop a proposed-accounting system, â€Å"Research and development† approach which is applied in this study is a research program that is followed by a development program. It is a combination of descriptive study that describes the actual phenomenon in an object and exploratory research that develops a proposed -accounting system. A proposed-accounting system is focused on purchasing and selling system since those are the main activities in the business. The location of this study, Traditional small business in Indian Villages, was chosen on purpose, because this business in the Villages has significantly improved in sales and human empowering, also government is paying attention by giving assistantship for both management and technology. Primary data of this study was the results of guided interviews and observation. The steps of this study are designed as follow: a.Initial study Preliminary research was conducted to comprehend previous studies and literature, guided questionnaire drafting, and Traditional business understanding. b.System requirement defining At this stage, the data was obtained by interview with business owners and observation directly to the business. By understanding the research object condition and background, also the strength and weakness, the accounting system requirement could be defined. c.Development of proposed-accounting system At this stage, development of proposed-accounting system was managed by interviews, observation, and group discussion among owners, researcher and government, related to main accounting system elements, which are document, form and report. In its development, knowledge management approach was proposed to use since it can facilitate business daily operation into business standard operation. The result of this stage was a proposed-accounting system. d.Testing and implementation Testing was accomplished by implementing the proposed system to handle a month transactions. Owners and their staff used it to run transactions of purchasing and selling for a month. By running the system, problems were found and then they were used to revise the system. At this stage, a revised-accounting system was established. e.Conclusions and recommendations In the final stage of this study, conclusions and suggestions from all research processes were stated. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: PROFILE OF TRADITIONAL BUSINESS IN INDIAN VILLAGES: India is one of the major exporter and supplier of handicrafts and gift products to the world market. The Indian handicrafts industry is highly labor intensive and decentralized, being spread all across the country in rural and urban areas. The sector is considered as the second largest employment-generating sector after agriculture with numerous artisans engaged in craft work on a part-time basis. The industry offers employment to over 6 million artisans, including a large number of women and people from the weaker sections of society. The present day handicraft tradition of India is a perfect example of assimilation between the traditional designs and modern techniques. The fast growing demand for Indian handicraft and gifts products have made this sector a full-fledged large scale organized industry that is growing day by day. History The rich history of India’s craft tradition has evolved over the centuries offering a legacy of Indian culture promising everything beauty, dignity, form and style. The variety is comprehensive and ranges from age-old stone carvings to modern handicrafts making use of glass flints and mirrors. The most popular crafts, include metalware, earthenware, pottery, sculpting, woodwork, hand-printed textiles and scarves, embroidered and crocheted goods, shawls, zari products, stone carving and imitation jewelry. There is a myriad of art and craft traditions in India that depend on social, economic and regional factors. The present status of the sector in India owes much to the rich crafts history and tradition of the past. Majority of the crafts from the past continues to flourish due to their utilitarian characteristics, availability to the common people and popularity in domestic and global markets. Today, some of the sectors within the craft industry have even become full fledged industries in their own, like carpet weaving, traditional textile (Banarsi silk sari, Chikankari etc), gem cutting and polishing, jewelry making, the world famous diamond cutting and polishing industry, brassware, jute products, etc. The growth of these industries is due to their ever-increasing demand and the popularity of Indian crafts in the domestic market and overseas. Gems and jewelry, carpet making, metalware, leather products, jute products etc. are some industries, which are growing rapidly.

Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Impact of the Industrial Revolution Can you imagine life without these machines? Introduction At the dawn of the 18th century, technological and scientific advancements led to England being one of the most powerful and successful maritime power in the world. Foreign trade had scaled new heights and the demand for manufactured goods had increased. As a result of the use of machinery for agriculture, there was not much work in the rural areas. People migrated to towns looking for opportunities for work. Manufacturers attempted to find ways to increase production to meet the new demands. All these factors, among others, led to what was later termed as ‘The Industrial Revolution’ by historian Arnold Tonybee. Onset of the Industrial Revolution Life before the Industrial Revolution was tough. For centuries, man had relied on animals and himself, to do all the work and make objects of daily use. With new technological advancements, man started to rely on technology to perform similar tasks – quickly and efficiently. This change from an agrarian economy where hand tools were used, to one, where machines such as the seed drill, steam engine, etc. were invented, factories were established, resulting in complete change in the life of the people is termed as the Industrial Revolution. Features of the Industrial Revolution One of the most important features of the Industrial Revolution was the various inventions made during the time that went on to change the course of history forever. Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin helped separate the cotton from its seed approximately fifty times faster than before. Jethro Hull, a farmer, invented a seed drill which planted grains very efficiently. Increase in the production of raw material meant that there was loads of raw material to be processed, especially in the case of textiles such as cotton. A weaver named James Hargreaves gave the much needed breakthrough by inventing the spinning jenny, a machine that spun many threads at once, though they were thick. Richard Awkright, invented the spinning frame, also known as the water frame. It spun thicker thread into thinner and stronger ones. It was Samuel Crompton’s spinning mule that made the large scale production of yarn possible. Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom that further incr eased the production of cloth and reduced labour costs as well. Inventions of machines led to the formation of factories for production of cloth. Mass production of cotton and cotton fabrics led to a great reduction in the prices. These inventions changed the socio-economic structure of England as weavers and workers were able to earn good wages and lead a better life.  Ã‚   Although the cotton mills marked the beginning of the Industrial revolution, it is the invention of James Watt’s steam engine that powered and continued it. The steam engine used the force of steam to power engines. Invention of this machine brought about many changes in England. Factory owners realised that they could now build factories where people lived and need not construct them it near a water source, as they did earlier. It was Abraham Darby’s ability to cast iron in a coke-fueled furnace that enabled inventors like Thomas Newcomen to have his steam engines cast by Darby[3]. Henry Bessemer’s invention of the Bessemer Converter enabled inexpensive manufacture of steel abundantly. The transportation system was completely overhauled when steam powered trains and other locomotives were built. The transformation of roads and railways made travel and shipping of goods fairly comfortable and cheap. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] The invention of the steam engine, usage on iron and steel in ships was useful in manufacturing ships that were much faster. Ships started voyaging through oceans which in turn increased trade even further. This period of intense industrialisation witnessed a major change in architecture and infrastructure. New towns came up that boasted of town halls, libraries, gardens, concert halls, etc. [9] Another important feature of the Industrial Revolution was the change in the socio-economic life of the people. As factories were set up and towns formed, people moved to towns in search of employment which made urbanization, a common feature of the Industrial Revolution. Historians are of the opinion that although some women stayed at home to look after the children, many worked in factories with their husbands. Sometimes, children were made to work in factories as well. In general, the Industrial Revolution improved the standard of living of the people as they were able to afford the basic necessities of life and could indulge in leisure activities during their free time. People read books, went on vacation, enjoyed concerts or spent days on the beach, educated themselves, etc. to pass their time. People started to take an active part in politics as well. [10] Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in England? Having read about the different features of the Industrial Revolution, it now becomes imperative to read about certain conditions that came together to set the scene for its inception. Colonies like India were a good source of raw material such as cotton for their factories in England. The colonies were good markets too as they sold their manufactured goods there. Being a supreme maritime power with one of the largest ships in the world, it was easy for England to transport the raw material and the finished products. A stable government at the centre, with few restrictions on the economy, helped the industry and commerce to thrive. Laws made by the government favoured the companies that set up factories and businesses. Natural resources such as coal and iron were available in abundance to be used in factories. Streams and rivers in England were used to generate power and served as a medium of transportation of goods and raw materials. England, to begin with, was a prosperous country and people had extra money to spend on other things besides the basic needs of food, clothing and shelter.[11] Impact of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution became the most noteworthy ensemble of social, cultural and economic change that affected human history. Let us discuss some of them. There was a tremendous increase in population during the Industrial Revolution as the standard of living improved and fewer people died due to diseases. The Industrial Revolution led to capitalism, that is, the business was owned privately and operated primarily for profit. The industrial revolution divided the society into different classes the factory owners who owned the factory and the workers who worked for him. The owners of the factories exploited the workers to maximise their profit. New cities and towns came up as the factory owners established factories closer to where they lived. People who worked in factories had to leave their houses and shift to these places, often with their families. The Industrial Revolution completely changed the lives of the workers. From being a craftsperson who worked using hand tools, he was merely reduced to a machine operator. Weavers and other craftsmen who tried to make a living by making goods at home found it difficult to sell their products as their hand-made goods were more expensive than the machine-made ones. The Industrial Revolution gave rise to imperialism. England was faced with two problems during the Industrial revolution – Procuring of cheap raw materials and a market for their manufactured goods. They solved these problems by gaining political and economic control over weaker countries. [12] Though the Industrial Revolution began in England, it gradually spread to the other countries of the world as well. Imperialism Industrialisation stirred the aspirations of England. They wanted to maximise the profit of their industries. England wanted resources to fuel their production as well as a market to sell their goods. Weaker countries such as India were the perfect target. This policy of England to acquire political, economic and social control over a weaker country is known as imperialism. Imperialism was one of the worst impacts of industrialisation. England sourced the raw materials of their products from these countries and sold the manufactured products in these countries itself at exorbitant prices. Imperialism involves the use of power, military or otherwise to exercise control over the weaker country. [13] Imperialism destroyed the culture and the local industries of the colonies. Inexpensive foreign goods destroyed the markets of local indigenous products. No effort was made to modernize the colonies. Agriculture was also affected as the imperialists allowed the colonies to grow those crops that were beneficial to them, whether or not it was conducive to the locals. We shall study about the British policies and plans in India later in the book. Peep into the Past Iron Bridge The World’s first Iron Bridge built on River Severnin England is one of the most famous industrial monuments in Britain. Shropshire, the area in which it was built was famous for its coal deposits. The steep Severn gorge posed a problem for transportation of people and goods. Architect Thomas Pritchard suggested ironmaster John Wilenson make the iron bridge. Though Wilkenson started the project in 1777, the iron bridge was completed by Abraham Darby in 1779. It was opened to the public on January 1, 1781. The bridge was used for over 150 years before it was shut down for vehicles in 1934. The Iron Bridge was designated as an ancient monument. It is now a World Heritage Site. [1] http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_research_catalogues/paper_money/paper_money_of_england__wales/the_industrial_revolution.aspx [2] World Socities – Mckay Hill – pg – 747, 748, 749 [3] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/151458/Abraham-Darby#ref219821 [4] HOLT, Human Legacy, Page 634, 635, 636, 637 [5] World Socities – Mckay Hill – pg – 750-751-752 [6] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143809/Samuel-Crompton [7] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/151458/Abraham-Darby [8] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642887/Eli-Whitney [9] http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_research_catalogues/paper_money/paper_money_of_england__wales/the_industrial_revolution/the_industrial_revolution_2.aspx [10] HOLT, Human Legacy, page – 649, 650, 651, and http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_research_catalogues/paper_money/paper_money_of_england__wales/the_industrial_revolution/the_industrial_revolution_3.aspx [11] HOLT, Human Legacy, pages – 633, 634, 635 [12] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287086/Industrial-Revolution [13] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/283988/imperialism